Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing
NAICS 334290 · Federal Contracts & Awards
Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing obligated $2,780,410,115.90 in FY2025 according to USAspending.gov (NAICS 334290). That yearlyTrend cell is 21.9% of $12,691,921,196.69. It is not a radio-SKU catalog, a tower map, or a named-OEM roster. 10,242 is the industry extract's award-record count, not a FY2025-only file.
Key figures
- USAspending records $2,780,410,115.90 in Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing FY2025 obligations (NAICS 334290).
- That cell is 21.9% of the industry's $12,691,921,196.69 extract-wide total.
- 10,242 is the industry extract award-record count, not a FY2025 census of radios, terminals, or named OEMs.
- Obligations are not outlays; FEC donations do not fund this total.
Communications-equipment manufacturing × FY2025
The relationship is mechanical: one NAICS code, one fiscal year, one obligation sum. $2,780,410,115.90 is that sum for Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing in 2025. Broader books ($12,691,921,196.69; the FY2025 hub) remain on their own pages. Outlays are not this field.
Nothing in the facts supports reading $2,780,410,115.90 as a count of radios, terminals, or named communications manufacturers. Named contractors are absent. Communication Equipment Repair FY2024 (811213) on this slice is a repair NAICS, not 334290 manufacturing.
FY2025 against NAICS 334290's longer book
21.9% locates FY2025 inside NAICS 334290's $12,691,921,196.69 extract. The remainder is other years. Parent without the year: /industries/334290/.
Parent without the NAICS: /fiscal-years/2025/. $2,780,410,115.90 is not all FY2025 federal obligations. Commitments are not Treasury outlays. Fiscal year 2025 figures can be incomplete for the current year; later USAspending.gov ingests can restate the cell without changing the NAICS or year keys.
Full analysis: Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing federal obligations in FY2025 →
Questions
- How much did Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing obligate in FY2025?
- USAspending.gov records $2,780,410,115.90 in Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing obligations for fiscal year 2025 under NAICS 334290. That amount is a yearlyTrend obligation total, not an outlay and not the industry's $12,691,921,196.69 extract-wide sum.
- Is $2,780,410,115.90 the entire 334290 USAspending total?
- No. NAICS 334290's extract-wide total is $12,691,921,196.69. FY2025 is 21.9% of that book. Other fiscal-year rows for the same code are separate cells. Do not add the parent hub into this join. Obligations of $2,780,410,115.90 are not outlays.
- Do 10,242 awards equal 10,242 radios in FY2025?
- No. 10,242 is the Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing award-record count in this extract, not a FY2025-only census of radios, terminals, or named OEMs. The packet does not split those records by fiscal year or name contractors. USAspending.gov remains the source.
- Do FEC filings explain Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing obligations in FY2025?
- No. FEC filings do not explain $2,780,410,115.90. The source is USAspending.gov. Obligations are not outlays, and donations do not fund NAICS 334290 in FY2025. USAspending.gov remains the source for NAICS 334290 in FY2025. The pair is NAICS 334290 plus FY2025.
USAspending.gov NAICS yearlyTrend by fiscal year. Obligations are not outlays. FY figures can be incomplete for the current year.
Industry ties
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing federal obligations in FY2024
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing federal obligations in FY2025
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing in Iowa 2nd District (IA-02)
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing in New York 25th District (NY-25)
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing in Colorado (NAICS 334290)
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing federal obligations in Iowa
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing in New Jersey (NAICS 334290)
- Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing federal obligations in New York (NAICS 334290)
Companies in the Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing industry (NAICS code 334290) have received $12.69B in federal contracts, grants, and other awards since FY2024, across 10K individual awards tracked through FY2026. The largest funding agency is Department of Defense ($10.87B). Spending is concentrated in New York, Iowa, California and 49 other states. All figures below come from USAspending.gov award records.
Total Obligations
$12.69B
Total Awards
10K
States
52
Last Updated
Apr 23, 2026
Yearly Spending Trend
$9.85B24
$2.78B25
$63.6M26
Top 50 Awards in Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing
Largest individual obligations in NAICS 334290.
| Award | Recipient | Awarding Agency | Program | Place | FY | Obligation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONT_IDV_DTFAWA03C00015R_6920 THE PURPOSE OF THIS MODIFICATION IS INCORPORATE PROPOSAL #265 - ERAM DATACOMM FULL SERVICES (DCFS) EXTENSION PROPOSAL, UPDATE CLIN VALUES AND THE PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE END DATE FO… | LEIDOS, INC. Maryland | Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration | — | — | 2024 | $805,548,094 |
CONT_AWD_FA870513C0005_9700_-NONE-_-NONE- FAMILY OF ADVANCED BEYOND LINE OF SIGHT TERMINALS (FAB-T) | RAYTHEON COMPANY Massachusetts | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | MARLBOROUGH, MA-03 | 2024 | $364,160,440 |
CONT_AWD_N0003925F4045_9700_N0003924D4004_9700 MIDS JTRS SPARES PRODUCTION | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2025 | $304,650,459 |
CONT_AWD_0008_9700_W15P7T13D0015_9700 THIS IS A MODIFICATION TO DE-OBLIGATE FUNDING FROM THE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SUPPORT SERVICES CONTRACT PROVIDING CONTRACTUAL SUPPORT TO COMMERCIAL SATELLITE TERMINAL PROGRAM, PR… | DATAPATH, INC. Georgia | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | DULUTH, GA-04 | 2024 | $250,349,309 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB24F5137_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 COUNTRY DIRECTED SOLE SOURCE PROCUREMENT OF L3HARRIS RADIOS AND ACCESSORIES FOR THE NATION COUNTRY. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2024 | $234,056,440 |
CONT_AWD_0006_9700_W15P7T13D0018_9700 THIS REQUIREMENT IS FOR THE PROCUREMENT OF NEW AND EXISTING MICRO VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL (VSAT). | TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS INC Maryland | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ANNAPOLIS, MD-03 | 2024 | $215,253,195 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB22F5135_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 FOREIGN MILITARY SALES FUNDS TO PURCHASE SUPPLIES AND SERVICES FOR AN ALLIED NATION. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2024 | $189,741,853 |
CONT_AWD_N0003924F4055_9700_N0003924D4005_9700 MIDS JTRS SPARES PRODUCTION | L3 TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Utah | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | SALT LAKE CITY, UT-02 | 2024 | $182,173,614 |
CONT_AWD_N0003923F4031_9700_N0003920D0058_9700 MIDS JTRS TERMINALS (WITH WARRANTY) | L3 TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Utah | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CARLSBAD, CA-49 | 2024 | $179,155,201 |
CONT_AWD_N0003924F4054_9700_N0003924D4004_9700 MIDS JTRS SPARES PRODUCTION | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $157,554,907 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB25F5085_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 FOREIGN MILITARY SALES FUNDS TO PURCHASE SUPPLIES FOR AN ALLIED NATION. THIS CONTRACT IS AWARDED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FAR 6.302-4 - INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2025 | $151,756,173 |
CONT_AWD_0011_9700_N0003915D0007_9700 MIDS JTRS SE&I | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2025 | $147,897,779 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB25F5037_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 FOREIGN MILITARY SALE FUNDS TO PURCHASE SUPPLIES FOR AN ALLIED NATION. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2025 | $137,553,008 |
CONT_AWD_N0003921F1045_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 SPARES MIDS JTRS | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $134,182,201 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB24F5144_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 UKRAINE-DIRECTED SOLE SOURCE ACQUISITION FOR L3HARRIS RADIOS AND ACCESSORIES FOR THE COUNTRY OF UKRAINE. THIS CONTRACT IS AWARDED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FAR 6.302-1(A)(2). | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2024 | $124,997,456 |
CONT_AWD_N0003923F4030_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 UNDEFINITIZED ORDER | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Defense Contract Management Agency | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $124,045,448 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB23F5076_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 UKRAINE: THE PURPOSE OF THIS MODIFICATION IS TO AUTHORIZE THE USE OF DIFFERENT CONNECTORS. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2024 | $119,072,110 |
CONT_AWD_N0003922F4019_9700_N0003920D0058_9700 SPARES (WITH WARRANTY) | L3 TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Utah | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CARLSBAD, CA-49 | 2024 | $117,247,146 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB23F5075_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 THE PURPOSE OF THIS MODIFICATION IS TO CHANGE THE CONTRACTING OFFICER'S REPRESENTATIVE | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2024 | $114,286,512 |
CONT_AWD_DAAH0101C0139_9700_-NONE-_-NONE- 200111!002818!2100!AH01 !USA AVIATION AND MISSILE COMMAND!DAAH0101C0139 !A!N!*!Y! !20010822!20050930!075470393!001339159!001339159!N!RAYTHEON COMPANY… | RAYTHEON COMPANY Alabama | Department of Defense Defense Contract Management Agency | — | HUNTSVILLE, AL-05 | 2024 | $113,364,152 |
CONT_AWD_0007_9700_W15P7T13D0018_9700 EFFORT FOR COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS TO PROVIDE THE WARFIGHTER WITH VOICE, DATA AND VIDEO CAPABILITIES FOR USE IN A TACTICAL ENVIRONMENT AND INTO THE SUSTAINING BASE, UTILIZING PRIMA… | TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS INC Maryland | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ORLANDO, FL-09 | 2024 | $102,916,214 |
CONT_AWD_N0003921F1046_9700_N0003920D0058_9700 MIDS JTRS SPARES | L3 TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Utah | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CARLSBAD, CA-49 | 2024 | $100,718,720 |
CONT_AWD_0005_9700_N0003915D0007_9700 MIDS JTRS SE&I | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $98,846,957 |
CONT_AWD_FA872504C0007_9700_-NONE-_-NONE- OTHER COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING. | NORTHROP GRUMMAN SYSTEMS CORPORATION California | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | SAN DIEGO, CA-51 | 2024 | $92,454,158 |
CONT_AWD_FA873523FB002_9700_FA873521D0001_9700 PROCUREMENT OF ICS SERVICES | RAYTHEON COMPANY Massachusetts | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | MARLBOROUGH, MA-03 | 2024 | $90,671,246 |
CONT_AWD_0042_9700_N0003911D0025_9700 MIDS-LVT RETROFITS-DELIVERY SCHEDULE UPDATE. | EUROMIDS | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | — | 2024 | $89,017,776 |
CONT_AWD_0001_9700_W15P7T13D0015_9700 DEOBLIGATION OF FUNDS | DATAPATH, INC. Georgia | Department of Defense Defense Contract Management Agency | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2025 | $86,771,134 |
CONT_AWD_N0003923F4013_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 MIDS JTRS SE&I (CPFF) FOR IRS | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $84,610,563 |
CONT_AWD_SPRPA120CY043_9700_-NONE-_-NONE- DE-OB FY2024 CANCELING FUNDS | THALES DEFENSE & SECURITY INC Maryland | Department of Defense Defense Contract Management Agency | — | CLARKSBURG, MD-06 | 2024 | $81,695,857 |
CONT_AWD_0004_9700_W15P7T13D0018_9700 THE PURPOSE OF THIS MODIFICATION IS TO DEOBLIGATE FUNDS. | TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS INC Maryland | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ANNAPOLIS, MD-03 | 2024 | $81,688,457 |
CONT_AWD_N0003922F4014_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 MIDS JTRS SE&I | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $81,351,137 |
CONT_AWD_N0003920F0292_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 UNDEFINITIZED ORDER | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Defense Contract Management Agency | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $79,319,553 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB25F5035_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 COUNTRY-DIRECTED, SOLE SOURCE PROCUREMENT OF L3HARRIS RADIO EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES FOR THE COUNTRY OF GERMANY. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2025 | $77,142,140 |
CONT_AWD_N0003922F2091_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 MIDS JTRS SE&I | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $74,850,700 |
CONT_AWD_FA830712C0013_9700_-NONE-_-NONE- FAB-T DEVELOPMENT | RAYTHEON COMPANY Massachusetts | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | MARLBOROUGH, MA-03 | 2024 | $73,161,414 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB24F5107_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 FOREIGN MILITARY SALES FUNDS PURCHASING SUPPLIES AND SERVICES FOR AN ALLIED NATION. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2024 | $69,735,056 |
CONT_AWD_0019_9700_N0003911D0025_9700 BU2 DEVELOPMENT CLOSE OUT. | EUROMIDS | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | — | 2024 | $65,649,958 |
CONT_AWD_N0003925F4046_9700_N0003924D4005_9700 MIDS JTRS TERMINAL PRODUCTION | L3 TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Utah | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | SALT LAKE CITY, UT-02 | 2025 | $63,059,293 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB24F5059_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 FOREIGN MILITARY SALE FUNDING TO PURCHASE SUPPLIES FOR AN ALLIED NATION. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2024 | $62,599,376 |
CONT_AWD_FA882314C0003_9700_-NONE-_-NONE- EASTERN RANGE COMMAND DESTRUCT MODERNIZATION | PERATON INC. Virginia | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | HERNDON, VA-11 | 2024 | $62,347,867 |
CONT_AWD_FA830721F0097_9700_FA830717D0006_9700 SPACE MODULAR COMMON CRYPTOGRAPHY (SMCC) MEDIUM LARGE SATELLITE COMMON SOLUTION (MLCS) PRODUCTION - VOLDEMORT REPROGRAMMABLE AEROSPACE VEHICLE EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION | GENERAL DYNAMICS MISSION SYSTEMS, INC. Arizona | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | SCOTTSDALE, AZ-01 | 2024 | $59,357,486 |
CONT_AWD_N0003922F4029_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 UNDEFINITIZED ORDER | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Defense Contract Management Agency | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $58,072,348 |
CONT_AWD_N0003925F4056_9700_N0003925D4006_9700 MIDS WDL SF2 RADIO PRODUCTION | ROCKWELL COLLINS, INC. Iowa | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2025 | $57,152,766 |
CONT_AWD_FA862025FB065_9700_FA862025DB002_9700 BIG SAFARI | SIERRA NEVADA COMPANY, LLC Colorado | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | DAYTON, OH-10 | 2025 | $56,619,008 |
CONT_AWD_FA873522F0011_9700_FA873521D0001_9700 ADVANCED EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY | RAYTHEON COMPANY Massachusetts | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | MARLBOROUGH, MA-03 | 2024 | $52,964,283 |
CONT_AWD_W56KGY23F0013_9700_W56KGY17D0006_9700 TASK ORDER W56KGY23F0013 OF CONTRACT W56KGY-17-D-0006 IS IN SUPPORT OF PRODUCT MANAGER TERRESTRIAL SPECTRUM WARFARE REQUIREMENT OF ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT AND FIELDING OF THE PR… | GENERAL DYNAMICS MISSION SYSTEMS, INC. Arizona | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | SCOTTSDALE, AZ-01 | 2024 | $52,260,689 |
CONT_AWD_N0003924F4014_9700_N0003922D4001_9700 MIDS-LVT(1)-(AN/USQ-140A(V)1(C) | EUROMIDS | Department of Defense Department of the Navy | — | — | 2024 | $51,944,107 |
CONT_AWD_W91CRB25F5111_9700_W91CRB21D5003_9700 UKRAINE: FOREIGN MILITARY SALES FUNDING TO PURCHASE SUPPLIES FOR AN ALLIED NATION. | L3HARRIS GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. New York | Department of Defense Department of the Army | — | ROCHESTER, NY-25 | 2025 | $49,632,649 |
CONT_AWD_N0003922F4018_9700_N0003920D0057_9700 SPARES (WITH WARRANTY) | DATA LINK SOLUTIONS LLC Iowa | Department of Defense Defense Contract Management Agency | — | CEDAR RAPIDS, IA-02 | 2024 | $47,160,978 |
CONT_AWD_FA873524FB001_9700_FA873521D0001_9700 GLOBAL AIRCREW STRATEGIC NETWORK TERMINAL (GLOBAL ASNT) INCREMENT 1, INTERIM CONTRACTOR SUPPORT (ICS), IDIQ CONTRACT FA8735-21-D-0001 | RAYTHEON COMPANY Massachusetts | Department of Defense Department of the Air Force | — | SEMINOLE, FL-13 | 2024 | $45,997,289 |
Top 50 awards shown, ranked by obligated amount. Dates reflect performance period; last-modified dates match USAspending.gov. Complete listings include all transaction history going back to FY2024.
Top Funding Agencies
View All→12345678910
Department of Defense$10.87B
Department of Transportation$829.6M
General Services Administration$493.2M
Department of Homeland Security$144.3M
Department of Justice$101.6M
Department of Veterans Affairs$94.7M
Department of Health and Human Services$65.1M
Department of State$23.6M
Department of the Interior$20.5M
Department of the Treasury$16.2M
Top Recipients
View All→Spending by State
| State | Funding | Awards |
|---|---|---|
| New York | $2.44B | 1K |
| Iowa | $2.24B | 155 |
| California | $1.35B | 2K |
| Massachusetts | $993.9M | 171 |
| Maryland | $655.2M | 354 |
| Virginia | $652.0M | 552 |
| Arizona | $588.9M | 184 |
| Florida | $385.9M | 527 |
| Utah | $335.4M | 61 |
| Georgia | $294.7M | 139 |
| New Jersey | $145.2M | 235 |
| Alabama | $142.2M | 108 |
| Ohio | $110.1M | 147 |
| New Hampshire | $94.7M | 67 |
| District of Columbia | $88.2M | 147 |
| Texas | $73.1M | 221 |
| North Carolina | $69.5M | 167 |
| Nevada | $69.3M | 70 |
| South Carolina | $60.6M | 56 |
| New Mexico | $58.4M | 61 |
| Pennsylvania | $55.0M | 413 |
| Illinois | $41.2M | 112 |
| Washington | $38.4M | 95 |
| Tennessee | $31.5M | 29 |
| Wisconsin | $27.9M | 446 |
| Oklahoma | $26.8M | 71 |
| Colorado | $17.2M | 71 |
| Michigan | $12.7M | 79 |
| Minnesota | $11.2M | 107 |
| Indiana | $10.0M | 274 |
| Connecticut | $9.3M | 70 |
| Missouri | $8.5M | 110 |
| Hawaii | $7.5M | 27 |
| Nebraska | $6.8M | 31 |
| Oregon | $6.5M | 24 |
| Rhode Island | $5.6M | 14 |
| Vermont | $5.6M | 13 |
| Louisiana | $4.3M | 46 |
| Delaware | $3.4M | 22 |
| Mississippi | $3.3M | 38 |
| West Virginia | $2.8M | 22 |
| Kansas | $2.5M | 24 |
| South Dakota | $2.5M | 11 |
| North Dakota | $2.4M | 22 |
| Kentucky | $2.3M | 29 |
| Montana | $1.9M | 44 |
| Arkansas | $1.8M | 22 |
| Alaska | $1.7M | 16 |
| Puerto Rico | $1.5M | 5 |
| Wyoming | $855K | 12 |
| Idaho | $466K | 11 |
| Maine | $367K | 11 |
Source: USAspending.gov · All Industries